Rodent studies have shown that exercise modulates the eCB system

treatment; therefore, the rate of reduction of VRs was determined after the first 23 h. CXCR4 expression was modestly reduced in T cell lymphoma A3.01 cells by BFA. Some of the BFA-induced CXCR4 reduction was caused by blockage of the transport of newly synthesized molecules, as shown using treatment with cycloheximide. Because the transport of newly synthesized CXCR4 appeared to be suppressed by BFA, cycloheximide plus BFA did not produce any SB366791 cost additive effects on CXCR4 reduction. Therefore, in agreement with PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19650784 a previous report, CXCR4 expression levels in A3.01 cells appear to be maintained by both recycling and replacement at relatively rapid rates. Next, we utilized qCD4s that were activated by 72 h of anti-CD3 Ab plus anti-CD28 Ab exposure but still had low CXCR4 expression. In contrast with A3.01 cells, when we examined the pharmacological effects on VRs after 72 h of anti-CD3 Ab plus anti-CD28 Ab activation in qCD4s, CXCR4 expression was significantly reduced by both BFA and cycloheximide treatments . Again, because the transport of newly synthesized CXCR4 appeared to be suppressed by BFA, cycloheximide plus BFA did not show any additive effects on CXCR4 reduction, suggesting that the reduced CXCR4 surface expression on activated qCD4s after 72 h of exposure was linked to rapid turnover due to greater degradation of CXCR4 than replacement by both newly synthesized and recycled molecules. In agreement with these results, RT-PCR analysis revealed that CXCR4 mRNA transcripts increased approximately 3.5-fold in activated qCD4s relative to qCD4s. Utilizing confocal microscopy, we found that a significant portion of intracellular CXCR4 colocalized with the late endosomal/lysosomal marker LAMP-1 and the early endosomal marker Rab5 in activated qCD4s, whereas, such colocalization was not observed in qCD4s, suggesting the degradation of the CXCR4 proteins that are enhanced in activated qCD4s. Collectively, these results suggest that the CXCR4 turnover rate was enhanced because protein degradation predominated over replacement by both newly synthesized and recycled molecules; consequently, CXCR4 expression remains low in activated qCD4s. In contrast, exposure of qCD4s to BFA minimally reduced CXCR4 expression levels following 16 h of incubation, and exposure to both cycloheximide and Actinomycin-D, a DNA transcription suppressor, did not affect CXCR4 expression levels. Again, cycloheximide plus BFA did not show any additive effects on CXCR4 expression. These results suggest that CXCR4 expression in qCD4s is stable and that a small fraction of surface CXCR4 is continually internalized and recycled back to the surface. In contrast, CD4 expression in qCD4s was unaffected by exposure to BFA, cycloheximide, and ActD after 24 h, indicating that CD4 turnover in qCD4s is more stable than CXCR4. Given that the inhibitors’ effects on protein transport/ synthesis are not complete, it seems reasonable to propose that the actual turnover rate of VRs may be faster. To further confirm the CXCR4 turnover results described above, we monitored CXCR4 turnover by employing T22, a peptide that binds to CXCR4 and blocks the binding of antiCXCR4 mAb 12G5. The binding of 12G5 to CXCR4 was Dynamics of Immune Complexes on Resting T Cells 3 Dynamics of Immune Complexes on Resting T Cells 16 h of anti-CD3 Ab exposure. qCD4s with or without permeabilization were stained with anti-CD4 goat polyclonal Abs, anti-CXCR4 mouse mAbs, and anti-gp120 rabbit antiserum. Time course