The role of JNK1 within T cells is an active area of investigation

s subtracted from the odor responses of that neuron. The SSR dose-response data were analyzed using Hedges’ g standardized unbiased effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals . At each dose, the response to pure tC was used as control group in pair-wise comparisons with T-tC and DHC. Thus, this analysis provided a measure of the physiological effect of T-tC and DHC in relation to the effect of the key stimulus of this neuron class. A response was regarded as significantly different from the response to pure tC when the CI did not include zero. Results Trial 1: Reducing tC Dose and the Number of GLV Compounds A total of 2 625 I. typographus were SB 203580 web caught in 21 replicates in Trial 1, which was designed to study whether the release rate of tC could be lowered and if 1-hexanol alone could replace a threecomponent GLV mixture without compromising the inhibitory effect of the anti-attractant blend. Catches among the two control traps and the six different inhibitory treatments were significantly different by ANOVA, F = 152.9; df = 7; p,0.001) followed by Dunnet’s T3. The pheromone control traps caught significantly more beetles than all the other treatments. Pheromone-baited traps with -verbenone alone added caught significantly fewer beetles than the pheromone control, but significantly more beetles than all treatments with NHV added to the combination of pheromone and -verbenone. Combining 1-hexanol at 60 mg/day with verbenone significantly reduced trap catches in comparison to the treatment with -verbenone as the only inhibitor, but trap catches still remained significantly higher than in blank traps. No significant differences were found between the individual treatments involving NHV. However, trap catch was reduced to a level not significantly different from that in blank traps only when tC was included. This indicated that tC needs to be included in the blend to achieve the strongest inhibition. We found no significant difference between the three release rates of tC. Thus, in this trial the treatment with 0.05 mg/ day tC was as inhibitory as treatments with 10 or 100-fold higher tC release rates. Finally, the treatment with 1-hexanol as the only GLV was not significantly different from the treatment with the three GLVs -hexen-1-ol, and -hexen-1-ol) at corresponding release rates when included in the blend together with verbenone and tC. The pheromone control traps 1417961 had the highest proportion of males to females in the catch. Traps inhibited only with -verbenone had 42% males, while trap baits including any additional NHV had 36% males in the catch. The difference between pheromone control, pheromone plus -verbenone, or treatments with any NHV added, was significant. Trial 2: Comparison between tC and T-tC Trial 2 was conducted to compare the inhibitory activity on I. typographus trap catch of technical grade tC with that of pure tC, but some of the treatments from Trial 1 were also included for confirmation of the results from the previous year. A total of 34 208 beetles were caught in 81 replicates. Catches differed significantly between traps including the two controls and the seven inhibitory treatments as shown by ANOVA Dose-response curves recorded from the trans-conophthorin ORN class, demonstrating the highest sensitivity to the pure tC, and somewhat lower sensitivity to the technical grade tC. The lowest sensitivity was recorded to dehydroconophthorin . B) 22924972 The physiological effect of T-tC and DHC in relation to pure tC that serveds subtracted from the odor responses of that neuron. The SSR dose-response data were analyzed using Hedges’ g standardized unbiased effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals . At each dose, the response to pure tC was used as control group in pair-wise comparisons with T-tC and DHC. Thus, this analysis provided a measure of the physiological effect of T-tC and DHC in relation to the effect of the key stimulus of this neuron class. A response was regarded as significantly different from the response to pure tC when the CI did not include zero. Results Trial 1: Reducing tC Dose and the Number of GLV Compounds A total of 2 625 I. typographus were caught in 21 replicates in Trial 1, which was designed to study whether the release rate of tC could be lowered and if 1-hexanol alone could replace a threecomponent GLV mixture without compromising the inhibitory effect of the anti-attractant blend. Catches among the two control traps and the six different inhibitory treatments were significantly different by ANOVA, F = 152.9; df = 7; p,0.001) followed by Dunnet’s T3. The pheromone control traps caught significantly more beetles than all the other treatments. Pheromone-baited traps with -verbenone alone added caught significantly fewer beetles than the pheromone control, but significantly more beetles than all treatments with NHV added to the combination of pheromone and -verbenone. Combining 1-hexanol at 60 mg/day with verbenone significantly reduced trap catches in comparison to the treatment with -verbenone as the only inhibitor, but trap catches still remained significantly higher than in blank traps. No significant differences were found between the individual treatments involving NHV. However, trap catch was reduced to a level not significantly different from that in blank traps only when tC was included. This indicated that tC needs to be included in the blend to achieve the strongest inhibition. We found no significant difference between the three release rates of tC. Thus, in this trial the treatment with 0.05 mg/ day tC was as inhibitory as treatments with 10 or 100-fold higher tC release rates. Finally, the treatment with 1-hexanol as the only GLV was not significantly different from the treatment with the three GLVs -hexen-1-ol, and 12931192 -hexen-1-ol) at corresponding release rates when included in the blend together with verbenone and tC. The pheromone control traps had the highest proportion of males to females in the catch. Traps inhibited only with -verbenone had 42% males, while trap baits including any additional NHV had 36% males in the catch. The difference between pheromone control, pheromone plus -verbenone, or treatments with any NHV added, was significant. Trial 2: Comparison between tC and T-tC Trial 2 was conducted to compare the inhibitory activity on I. typographus trap catch of technical grade tC with that of pure tC, but some of the treatments from Trial 1 were also included for confirmation of the results from the previous year. A total of 34 208 beetles were caught in 81 replicates. Catches differed significantly between traps including the two controls and the seven inhibitory treatments as shown by ANOVA Dose-response 18753409 curves recorded from the trans-conophthorin ORN class, demonstrating the highest sensitivity to the pure tC, and somewhat lower sensitivity to the technical grade tC. The lowest sensitivity was recorded to dehydroconophthorin . B) The physiological effect of T-tC and DHC in relation to pure tC that served