As done previously, transfected cells were stimulated with TNFa for 6 h prior to protein lysate harvest

their fold-change value. We selected the 10 most up-regulated genes in the nematodes fed with 13L peptide compared with nematodes cultured under control fed conditions. Fold-change values of these genes are described in Furthermore, two different databases, GO Biological Process and KEGG Pathways, were used to establish functional classes that were up-regulated in the nematodes treated with 13L peptide. Only two biological processes were found to be significantly up-regulated in treated worms, and these 17649988 were related with cell division, specifically cytokinesis, and organic-acid metabolism. Further data analysis focused on the metabolic pathways affected by the 13L peptide. Thirteen different KEGG pathways were identified to be significantly up-regulated under treated conditions. Pyruvate metabolism was 9570468 the most significantly up-regulated metabolic pathway determined in nematodes fed with 13L peptide. The list also included other amino acid metabolism/degradation pathways, carbohydrate and fatty acid LY341495 supplier oxidation, development and protein degradation. Discussion The present study has shown how a cocoa by-product, “Barquillo”, exhibits antioxidant properties and the ability to reduce paralysis resulting from Ab142 peptide expression in a transgenic C. elegans strain. Interestingly, protein hydrolysis of “Barquillo”enhanced the antioxidative effect and protective activity against Ab toxicity in the nematode. This could be explained by the release of bioactive peptides from the protein fraction of the by-product. These results support the important role of other compounds in the antioxidant activity of cocoa and chocolate. Therefore, a purification process was performed in order to isolate and identify these bioactive peptides. Fractionation of hydrolyzed “Barquillo”resulted in three RPC fractions with antioxidant properties and the ability to delay paralysis in the C. elegans AD model. All the identified peptides in these fractions belonged to the 21 kDa seed protein from Theobroma cacao and, surprisingly, many of them were located in a region encoding trypsin inhibitor activity. The selected peptides, 9L, 11R, 13L and 13R, also displayed in vivo antioxidant activity and the ability to ameliorate Ab-induced paralysis in C. elegans. Specifically the 13L peptide provided most protection against oxidative stress, producing a significant delay in nematode paralysis. Additionally, an important reduction in the Ab peptide deposit was observed in 13L peptidefed nematodes. These results would suggest that the protective effect of 13L peptide is mediated by inhibiting Ab oligomerization, which is directly associated with Ab-toxicity in the C. elegans transgenic model. A similar effect has previously been reported for Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761, and glycitein from soybeans. Other research into a coffee extract and an antihypertensive drug has also showed an effect on delaying paralysis; however, no effects were observed in Ab peptide expression levels,. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the 13L peptide protection in C. elegans, differential gene expression was analyzed by DNA arrays. A Functional Cocoa Peptide in Ab-Peptide Toxicity nematodes. This pathway is considered the output of glycolysis and the metabolic intersection of different pathways. In this metabolic pathway, pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex to produce acetyl-coA, which is the key substance for ATP synthesis and synthesis of acetylcholine.