Accordingly, we hypothesized that NO could be an important factor involved in rat peritoneal macrophage resistance against

PHB1- or PHB2-silencing in HeLa cells, which suggests that the fusion of mitochondrial membranes is impaired in the absence of PHBs. The abnormal mitochondrial morphology observed in the absence of PHBs may be explained by an altered processing of OPA1, a large dynamin-like GTPase that is found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space and regulates both mitochondrial fusion and cristae morphogenesis. The mechanism by which PHBs affect OPA1 processing remains to be determined. Mitochondria are described as power plants because they generate most of the cellular supply of ATP, which is used as a source of chemical energy. We have not seen significant changes in ATP levels in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes upon PHB1- or PHB2silencing. These observations are in accordance with the reports in PHB2-deficient MEFs and in PHB1- or PHB2-deficient wild-type C. elegans. Schleicher et al. has also reported that the degree of mitochondrial coupling of the respiratory chain in PHB1knockdown endothelial cells was similar to the control cells. In addition to their crucial role in energy homeostasis, mitochondria are the main site of ROS generation. Mitochondrial ROS have been proven to act as signaling CSP-1103 biological activity molecules that impact many basic cellular functions such as cell differentiation. It has been demonstrated that mitochondrial ROS strongly inhibits adipocyte differentiation by specifically up-regulating C/EBPf, a dominantnegative inhibitor which forms heterodimers with other C/EBP members. By inhibiting adipogenesis, mitochondrial ROS Prohibitins Are Required for Adipogenesis may influence and limit the development of adipose tissue. Our data provide the evidence that the contents of ROS are enhanced in either PHB1 or PHB2-knockdown 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which is consistent with the observation in PHB1-deficient endothelial cells and in PHB1- or PHB2- deficient nematodes. It is reported that the reason for the extra ROS generation may be the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity in PHB-depleted cells, and therefore affects mitochondrial electron transport in the OXPHOS system. Indeed, our results demonstrate 11118042” a reduction of mitochondrial complex I activity in 3T3-L1 cells upon knockdown of PHB1 or PHB2. To maintain cytochrome oxidase activity and overall ATP production, there are compensatory mechanisms at play in mitochondria, involving an increase in electron flow through complex II and/or complex III, which may explain the unaffected ATP levels in this situation. In summary, enhanced expression and mitochondrial recruitment of PHBs are required for maintaining mitochondrial morphology and inducing adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. These findings underscore the emerging concept of mitochondrial PHBs as important molecules in modulating fat metabolism. Since both mitochondrial biogenesis and adipocyte differentiation have been linked to obesity, PHBs may become interesting candidates for further studies in this field. Supporting Information Expression of PHBs in mouse WAT. The relative mRNA expression levels of PHB1 and PHB2 in WAT from male or female of wild type, heterozygous and homozygous obese mice were analyzed with real-time PCR. The materials and methods were described in Text S1. The 36B4 was used ” for normalization. Acknowledgments We thank Leslie E. Branch-Raymer for proofreading the manuscript. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: DL YL WET. Performed the experiments: DL YL TK BH WX. Analyzed the data: DL MO R