A, and ethylene that were incorporated as constructive controls of defensesignalingA, and ethylene that had

A, and ethylene that were incorporated as constructive controls of defensesignaling
A, and ethylene that had been integrated as constructive controls of defensesignaling pathways. After two weeks from transplanting, plants had been sprayed with aqueous solutions of BP178, BP100 or flg15 at 125 , SA, and JA at 2.5 mM (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) towards the run-off point. For the ethylene treatment, plants were enclosed inside a sealed chamber and exposed to ethylene obtained by reacting ethephon (1 mM) (Nufarm Espa , Spain) using a disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer (2.5 mM) (Zhang and Wen, 2010). The concentrations on the peptides BP100 and BP178 had been chosen on the basis with the concentrations that were located helpful against infections by plant pathogens observed in planta assays that had been previously reported (Badosa et al., 2017; Caravaca-Fuentes et al., 2021). In the case of SA, JA, and ethylene, the concentrations have been chosen since they had been applied in other reports on topical application of defense elicitors in plants (Reignault and Walters, 2007; Rivas-San and Plasencia, 2011; Zhang et al., 2011). Manage plants had been treated with distilled water. About 24 h following product application, leaf samples have been collected, straight away frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 C. For total RNA extraction, the plant material was ground to a fine powder in liquid nitrogen with the Tissuelyzer II program (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Total RNA was extracted from leaves using TriZol R (Invitrogen, Life Technologies) in line with the manual of the manufacturer. Following the extraction protocol, RNA samples had been routinely subjected to DNAse treatmentFrontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersinOctober 2021 | Volume 12 | ArticleMontesinos et al.BP178 Bactericidal and Elicitor PeptideTABLE 1 | Connected functions to overexpressed defense associated genes, in accordance with RT-qPCR, in tomato plants in response to BP178 treatment. Gene PR3, Chi and Chi.two Inducing agent/pathway Abiotic agents (ethylene, salicylic acid, salt options, ozone, UV light) and by biotic factors (fungi, bacteria, viruses, viroids, fungal cell wall elements, and oligosaccharides) Biotic agents/Salicylic acid Molecular function/property Carbohydrate metabolic course of action, acting on fungal cell wall degradation. References Sharma et al., 2011, Grove,PR1, Pathogenesis-related protein-Marker for SA-acid mediated response and SAR in tomato Multifunctional proteins Strengthening plant cell walls by catalyzing lignin deposition ACAT drug transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA PD-1/PD-L1 Modulator custom synthesis binding Protein binding. Oxidation/reduction course of action Protein binding, interaction with transcription elements involved in SA-dependent activation PR-genes. Stress-responsive multifunctional protein. Gives osmotolerance to plants. Serine-type endopeptidase activity. Involved in signaling cascades.van Loon and van Strein, 1999, Chen et al., 2014 Zhang et al., 2011 Ebrahim et al., 2011 Taheri and Tarighi, 2012 M ler and MunnBosch, 2015 Hao et al., 2015 Patade et al., 2013, Hao et al., 2015, Chowdhury et al.,Harp, Harpin-induced protein-like PR9, Peroxidase 1 ERF, Ethylene responsive transcription element BCB, Blue-copper-binding protein gene OLP, Osmotin-like protein, PRPlant defense responses, biotic agents Biotic agents/Salicylic acid Biotic and abiotic agents/Ethylene Defense connected responses Abiotic agents (salt, drought, cold) and biotic agents (fungi)PR7, P69G, Subtilisin-like proteaseResponse to biotic and abiotic agentsFigueiredo et al.,Quantitative Real-Time PCR AnalysesTo validate the expression patterns d.