T SRSF2 mutations affect the P95 residue8, which is immediately downstream

T SRSF2 mutations affect the P95 residue8, which is immediately downstream of the RRM domain. RNA-seq analyses of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from Nat Rev Cancer. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 November 03. Dvinge et al. Page 10 Srsf2P95H knock-in mice72 and transgenic72 and knock-in98 K562 cells expressing SRSF2P95H/L/R, and human AML and CMML patients with or without SRSF2 mutations72, revealed that SRSF2 mutations alter its normal sequence-specific RNA-binding activity. Mutant SRSF2 preferentially recognizes a C-rich CCNG motif versus a G-rich GGNG motif, whereas wild-type SRSF2 binds both motifs with similar affinity72,98,99. These alterations in the RNA-binding activity of SRSF2 promote or repress recognition of exons 181223-80-3 price containing C- or G-rich ESEs72,98. Altered ESE recognition causes widespread splicing changes in hundreds of genes72,98. Several of these downstream mis-spliced genes are themselves recurrent mutational targets in myeloid malignancies, including enhancer of zeste homolog 2 100,101 and BCOR90. SRSF2 mutations promote inclusion of a `poison exon’ of EZH2 that introduces an in-frame stop codon to induce nonsense-mediated decay of the EZH2 transcript and consequent global downregulation of EZH2 LOXO-101 site protein and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation levels72. Loss-of-function mutations in EZH2 occur in MDS100,101, and Ezh2 loss has been functionally linked to MDS development and aberrant hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in vivo102. Therefore, decreased EZH2 levels may partially explain how SRSF2 mutations drive MDS, and also explain the previously observed mutual exclusivity of SRSF2 and EZH2 mutations in MDS71,103. Mutations affecting other splicing factors In addition to SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1 and ZRSR2, other genes encoding splicing factors are recurrently mutated in cancer. Pre-mRNA processing factor 8 is subjected to mutations or hemizygous deletions in 15% of patients with myeloid leukemias104. Biochemical studies in yeast suggest that PRPF8 mutations may affect recognition of suboptimal 3 splice sites104. Genes encoding splicing factors have also been identified as recurrent targets of translocations in cancer. For example, splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich is reportedly recurrently fused to ABL1 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia105 and to transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 in papillary renal cell carcinomas106. SRSF3 is also reportedly involved in rare fusions with BCL6 in Bcell lymphomas107. Currently, it is not known if these fusions affect the function of the splicing factors involved in the chimeric protein product. In the case of SFPQ fusions, the sequence encoding the coiled-coil domain of SFPQ appears to be consistently included in the chimeric transcript108, suggesting that SFPQ fusions may contribute to cancer by promoting aberrant dimerization of SFPQ’s partner protein. Inherited genetic variation affecting RNA splicing factors has also been implicated in cancer. A missense genetic variant in serine/arginine repetitive matrix 2 was recently found to segregate with incidence of familial papillary thyroid carcinoma109. Patients carrying this SRRM2 variant exhibited mis-splicing of specific cassette PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19858123 exons, suggesting that the variant altered the normal function of SRRM2 in splicing. Somatic mutations may also interact with genetic variants to promote cancer. Recent work identified both somatic mutations and genetic variants affecting DEAD-box helicase 41 Nat Rev Cancer.T SRSF2 mutations affect the P95 residue8, which is immediately downstream of the RRM domain. RNA-seq analyses of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from Nat Rev Cancer. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2016 November 03. Dvinge et al. Page 10 Srsf2P95H knock-in mice72 and transgenic72 and knock-in98 K562 cells expressing SRSF2P95H/L/R, and human AML and CMML patients with or without SRSF2 mutations72, revealed that SRSF2 mutations alter its normal sequence-specific RNA-binding activity. Mutant SRSF2 preferentially recognizes a C-rich CCNG motif versus a G-rich GGNG motif, whereas wild-type SRSF2 binds both motifs with similar affinity72,98,99. These alterations in the RNA-binding activity of SRSF2 promote or repress recognition of exons containing C- or G-rich ESEs72,98. Altered ESE recognition causes widespread splicing changes in hundreds of genes72,98. Several of these downstream mis-spliced genes are themselves recurrent mutational targets in myeloid malignancies, including enhancer of zeste homolog 2 100,101 and BCOR90. SRSF2 mutations promote inclusion of a `poison exon’ of EZH2 that introduces an in-frame stop codon to induce nonsense-mediated decay of the EZH2 transcript and consequent global downregulation of EZH2 protein and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation levels72. Loss-of-function mutations in EZH2 occur in MDS100,101, and Ezh2 loss has been functionally linked to MDS development and aberrant hematopoietic stem cell self-renewal in vivo102. Therefore, decreased EZH2 levels may partially explain how SRSF2 mutations drive MDS, and also explain the previously observed mutual exclusivity of SRSF2 and EZH2 mutations in MDS71,103. Mutations affecting other splicing factors In addition to SF3B1, SRSF2, U2AF1 and ZRSR2, other genes encoding splicing factors are recurrently mutated in cancer. Pre-mRNA processing factor 8 is subjected to mutations or hemizygous deletions in 15% of patients with myeloid leukemias104. Biochemical studies in yeast suggest that PRPF8 mutations may affect recognition of suboptimal 3 splice sites104. Genes encoding splicing factors have also been identified as recurrent targets of translocations in cancer. For example, splicing factor proline/glutamine-rich is reportedly recurrently fused to ABL1 in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia105 and to transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 in papillary renal cell carcinomas106. SRSF3 is also reportedly involved in rare fusions with BCL6 in Bcell lymphomas107. Currently, it is not known if these fusions affect the function of the splicing factors involved in the chimeric protein product. In the case of SFPQ fusions, the sequence encoding the coiled-coil domain of SFPQ appears to be consistently included in the chimeric transcript108, suggesting that SFPQ fusions may contribute to cancer by promoting aberrant dimerization of SFPQ’s partner protein. Inherited genetic variation affecting RNA splicing factors has also been implicated in cancer. A missense genetic variant in serine/arginine repetitive matrix 2 was recently found to segregate with incidence of familial papillary thyroid carcinoma109. Patients carrying this SRRM2 variant exhibited mis-splicing of specific cassette PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19858123 exons, suggesting that the variant altered the normal function of SRRM2 in splicing. Somatic mutations may also interact with genetic variants to promote cancer. Recent work identified both somatic mutations and genetic variants affecting DEAD-box helicase 41 Nat Rev Cancer.