Mechanical withdrawal thresholds were calculated from von Frey hair force response curves

eptors All metabotropic glutamate receptors except mGluR2 are reported in the literature to have expressed splice variants, although genome database interrogation suggests that mGluR2 also has alternative spliced transcripts. Differential splice variant expression of group I mGluRs has been identified in the dorsal horn. The human gene encoding mGluR1 has at least four C-terminal splice variants with varying pharmacological properties and a dominant-negative truncated isoform containing the extracellular ligand-binding domain without the canonical 7TMDs. Other truncated mGluRs, also predicted to lack the 7TMDs, have been reported and some of these are postulated to act as secreted soluble receptors or dominant-negative isoforms. A knock-in mutant of the mGluR7 splice variant mGluR7a that lacks the PDZ domain showed impaired PKC-dependent autoinhibition of glutamate release, spatial working memory deficits, and increased susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole, but no effect on pain behaviour or anxiety was observed, indicating that the correct function of this isoform is not required for normal nociceptive processing. Besides this study, little is known about how differential isoform and consequent domain expression of mGluRs in the CNS affects pain processing and pain states. Promoting the generation of dominant-negative mGluR isoforms over fully functional receptors or vice versa, depending on the mGluR subtype in question, could be an alternative analgesic strategy to receptor activation and/or antagonism or allosteric modulation. Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor splice variants show differential expression patterns in the CNS GABAB receptor agonists, such as baclofen, are used to treat alcohol dependency, muscle spasms and spasticity, and neuropathic pain. Chronic alcohol abuse leads to aberrant splicing of the GABAB ligand-binding subunit in the prefrontal cortex, which is postulated to reduce GABAB receptor function in response to ligand, increasing the dose of agonist required in the clinic for effective treatment. It is unknown whether the splicing of GABAB receptor is altered in other painful neuropathies. Cannabinoid receptors Two cannabinoid receptors have been identified to date, CB1 and CB2, and nonselective CB receptor agonists can reduce pain sensitivity in humans and animal models. There are three CB1 alternative splice variants with varying N terminal sequences. Initial investigations suggest that CB1 splice variants have different pharmacological properties in response to endocannabinoids or synthetic ligands, but how these differences might impact pain relief and the unwanted psychoactive adverse effects from cannabinoids is unknown. In normal Aphrodine chemical information physiology, CB2 is expressed at a lower level than CB1 in the CNS. In experimental models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain, CB2 expression is induced in spinal microglia, perivascular cells, and C-fibre primary afferents. CB2 agonists can 1790 www.drugdiscoverytoday.com Adrenergic receptors Alpha-adrenergic receptor agonists, such as clonidine, are well known for having analgesic and anaesthetic qualities, and beta-adrenergic PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19840865 receptors are also promising therapeutic targets for pain management because b2-AR isoforms are expressed by primary afferent neurons within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and are critical for the antinociceptive actions of antidepressant drugs. However, of all the adrenergic receptors, only the genes enc