Electrophoresis (PAGE). Proteins were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. For protein

Electrophoresis (PAGE). Proteins were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. For protein spot analysis, including MS (Mass Spectrometry)/MS and MASCOT search analysis, we used the technical services of ProPhoenix Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan).Experimental ProtocolAnimal procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Juntendo University. Eight-week-old adult male C57BL/6 mice weighing 20?3 g were housed under controlledHSP27 Protects against Ischemic Brain InjuryLaboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). The sections were examined with an LSM 510 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH).TUNEL AssayFor in situ DNA fragmentation detection, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was carried out with an in situ cell death detection kit (TMR Red, Roche Diagnostics GmbH) [27].Fractionation of Mouse BrainTwenty-four hours after reperfusion, a brain sample was harvested from ischemic regions of the cortex and striatum on the AKT inhibitor 2 chemical information operated side of each mouse and placed in ice-cold synaptosome homogenizing buffer (320 mmol/L sucrose, 4 mmol/L HEPES, pH 7.4) with Complete Mini, EDTA-free, and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails I and II (Sigma-Aldrich Co.). Tissues were homogenized with a glassTeflon homogenizer (12 up/down strokes, 900 rpm). The homogenized sample was centrifuged at 3,0006g for 5 min (step 1), and the supernatant was centrifuged at 12,0006g for 10 min (step 2). The resulting pellet was resuspended in isolation media and centrifuged at 3,0006g for 5 min to remove nuclear contamination (step 3). The supernatant from step 3 was centrifuged at 12,0006g for 10 min (step 4). Steps 3 and 4 were repeated twice to further purify the mitochondrial fraction. The resulting pellet from the 12,0006g spin was the mitochondria-enriched fraction. The supernatant obtained from step 2 was centrifuged at 70,0006g for 60 min (step 5). The resulting supernatant was the soluble cytosolic fraction. The pellet fractions were resuspended in isolation media. The purity of the fractions was tested by immunoblotting with a rabbit Tom20 antibody (mitochondrial marker; 1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). Protein loading was confirmed in cytosolic fractions by immunoblotting with mouse anti-actin antibody (1:10,000; Millipore). The protein concentration in each fraction was determined with a Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA), and the fractions were subjected to immunoblotting with anti-cytochrome c antibody (1:1,000).gen, Carlsbad, CA). The most frequently used SDS gel was a 4?12 gradient gel. Native AGE experiments were performed with the NativePAGE Novex Bis-Tris Gel System according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The most frequently used native gel was a 4?6 gradient gel. To this solution, an additional detergent to be tested was added at a final concentration of 0.4 [1.0 in the case of MedChemExpress SMER 28 n-octyl-b-d-glucoside (b-OG)] and incubated for 10 min prior to blue native AGE. To each lane of a native gel, 3? mg of protein were loaded. Anode buffer was made by diluting the 206NativePAGE running buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and the cathode buffer by mixing the NativePAGE running buffer with Cathode Buffer additive (Coomassie Blue G250 dye, Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For BN AGE with membrane proteins, the concentration of the blue dye was 0.02 (w/v), which is tenfold higher than that for soluble proteins.Electrophoresis (PAGE). Proteins were stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. For protein spot analysis, including MS (Mass Spectrometry)/MS and MASCOT search analysis, we used the technical services of ProPhoenix Co., Ltd. (Hiroshima, Japan).Experimental ProtocolAnimal procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of Juntendo University. Eight-week-old adult male C57BL/6 mice weighing 20?3 g were housed under controlledHSP27 Protects against Ischemic Brain InjuryLaboratories, Inc., Burlingame, CA, USA). The sections were examined with an LSM 510 confocal laser scanning microscope (Carl Zeiss MicroImaging GmbH).TUNEL AssayFor in situ DNA fragmentation detection, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL) was carried out with an in situ cell death detection kit (TMR Red, Roche Diagnostics GmbH) [27].Fractionation of Mouse BrainTwenty-four hours after reperfusion, a brain sample was harvested from ischemic regions of the cortex and striatum on the operated side of each mouse and placed in ice-cold synaptosome homogenizing buffer (320 mmol/L sucrose, 4 mmol/L HEPES, pH 7.4) with Complete Mini, EDTA-free, and phosphatase inhibitor cocktails I and II (Sigma-Aldrich Co.). Tissues were homogenized with a glassTeflon homogenizer (12 up/down strokes, 900 rpm). The homogenized sample was centrifuged at 3,0006g for 5 min (step 1), and the supernatant was centrifuged at 12,0006g for 10 min (step 2). The resulting pellet was resuspended in isolation media and centrifuged at 3,0006g for 5 min to remove nuclear contamination (step 3). The supernatant from step 3 was centrifuged at 12,0006g for 10 min (step 4). Steps 3 and 4 were repeated twice to further purify the mitochondrial fraction. The resulting pellet from the 12,0006g spin was the mitochondria-enriched fraction. The supernatant obtained from step 2 was centrifuged at 70,0006g for 60 min (step 5). The resulting supernatant was the soluble cytosolic fraction. The pellet fractions were resuspended in isolation media. The purity of the fractions was tested by immunoblotting with a rabbit Tom20 antibody (mitochondrial marker; 1:5,000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). Protein loading was confirmed in cytosolic fractions by immunoblotting with mouse anti-actin antibody (1:10,000; Millipore). The protein concentration in each fraction was determined with a Pierce BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Rockford, IL, USA), and the fractions were subjected to immunoblotting with anti-cytochrome c antibody (1:1,000).gen, Carlsbad, CA). The most frequently used SDS gel was a 4?12 gradient gel. Native AGE experiments were performed with the NativePAGE Novex Bis-Tris Gel System according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The most frequently used native gel was a 4?6 gradient gel. To this solution, an additional detergent to be tested was added at a final concentration of 0.4 [1.0 in the case of n-octyl-b-d-glucoside (b-OG)] and incubated for 10 min prior to blue native AGE. To each lane of a native gel, 3? mg of protein were loaded. Anode buffer was made by diluting the 206NativePAGE running buffer (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA), and the cathode buffer by mixing the NativePAGE running buffer with Cathode Buffer additive (Coomassie Blue G250 dye, Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For BN AGE with membrane proteins, the concentration of the blue dye was 0.02 (w/v), which is tenfold higher than that for soluble proteins.