@itpcas.ac.cn (W.M.); [email protected] ([email protected] (W.M.); [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (C.H.) College of Earth and Planetary Sciences,

@itpcas.ac.cn (W.M.); [email protected] (X.
@itpcas.ac.cn (W.M.); [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (C.H.) College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, AZD4625 Technical Information University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China Correspondence: [email protected]: Wang, C.; Ma, Y.; Wang, B.; Ma, W.; Chen, X.; Han, C. Evaluation on the Radiation Fluxes over Complicated Surfaces around the Tibetan Plateau. Water 2021, 13, 3084. https:// doi.org/10.3390/w13213084 Academic Editor: Teresa Afonso do Pa Received: 7 August 2021 Accepted: 29 October 2021 Published: 3 NovemberAbstract: Evaluation of long-term, ground-based Alvelestat In Vivo observation information on the Tibetan Plateau help to boost our understanding of land-atmosphere interactions and their influence on weather and climate within this area. In this paper, the every day, monthly, and annual averages of radiative fluxes, surface albedo, surface temperature, and air temperature were calculated for the period of 2006 to 2019 at six study stations around the Tibetan Plateau. The surface energy balance qualities of these six stations, which include things like alpine meadow, alpine desert, and alpine steppe, were then compared. The downward shortwave radiation at stations BJ, QOMS, and NAMORS was located to decrease through the study period, as a result of increasing cloudiness. Meanwhile, the upward shortwave radiation and surface albedo at all stations were discovered to have decreased general. Downward longwave radiation, upward longwave radiation, net radiation, surface temperature, and air temperature showed rising trends on inter-annual time scales at most stations. Downward shortwave radiation was maximum in spring at BJ, QOMS, NADORS, and NAMORS, due to the influence from the summer monsoon. Upward shortwave radiation peaked in October and November as a result of the higher snow cover. BJ, QOMS, NADORS, and NAMORS showed sturdy sensible heat fluxes within the spring although MAWORS showed strong sensible heat fluxes in the summer time. The month-to-month and diurnal variations of surface albedo at each and every station were “U” shaped. The diurnal variability of downward longwave radiation at each station was small, ranging from 220 to 295 W -2 .The diurnal variation in surface temperature at each station slightly lagged behind changes in downward shortwave radiation, plus the air temperature, in turn, slightly lagged behind the surface temperature. Keyword phrases: Tibetan Plateau; surface characteristic parameter; radiation fluxes; observation data; land-atmosphere interactionPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Having a imply elevation more than 4000 m, the Tibetan Plateau is regarded as as `the roof of the world’ or `third pole’ and has the world’s most complex mountain topography [1]. The higher and undulating endorheic hinterland in the Tibetan Plateau is surrounded by a chain of steeply descending marginal mountains, like the eight highest peaks on the globe, including Mount Everest, inside the south [2]. This in depth plateau lies between 26 00 N and 39 47 N, 73 19 E, and 104 47 E [3]. The complicated and high-elevation topography, and also the solar radiation absorbed by the ground in summer time, lead to significant land-atmosphere interactions across the Tibetan Plateau. Consequently, the region’s power and water circulation processes have vital effects on the Asian monsoon, the East Asian common circulation, and worldwide climate alter [4].Copyright: 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI,.