Ng quite a few illnesses have also been reported. Particularly, kefiran suppressed theNg numerous illnesses

Ng quite a few illnesses have also been reported. Particularly, kefiran suppressed the
Ng numerous illnesses have also been reported. Particularly, kefiran suppressed the blood pressure and reduced lipid concentration in serum and liver of hypertensive rats, lowered blood glucose in genetically diabetic mice, and alleviated constipation symptoms in rats fed with a low-fiber eating plan [151]. Moreover, kefiran accelerated sterol excretion, protected hepatic injuries and decreased histamine excretion in cecum content and feces in two rat models [152]. The therapeutic possible of kefiran concerning allergic bronchial asthma has also beenMicroorganisms 2021, 9,19 ofindicated inside a murine model as decreased inflammation of lung tissue and airway hyperresponsiveness have been determined within the tested animals getting the polysaccharide [153]. Kefiran has been shown to lower atherosclerosis in rabbits fed a high-fat diet program and this effect was attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action [154]. ten.four. Antitumor Activity Back in 1982, the antitumor activity of a water-soluble polysaccharide isolated from kefir grains was studied in mice subcutaneously inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma or Sarcoma 180, and it was discovered that the tumor development was inhibited either by oral or by intraperitoneal administration [155]. Kefiran also exhibited anticancer properties when two human carcinoma cell lines (HeLa and HepG2) have been utilised because it was discovered to affect their viability inside a dose-dependent manner by also altering their morphological characteristics [156]. Within the same study, kefiran’s effects on the mortality and abnormality development of zebrafish embryos were investigated along with the authors concluded that kefiran must be regarded a possible anticancer agent devoid of toxic side-effects. ten.5. Gut Microbiota Modulation The alteration of gut microbiota and its critical role on gut Guretolimod Toll-like Receptor (TLR) homeostasis has also been reported. In this context, kefiran was able to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum PRL2010 and to modulate its gene expression relating to metabolism of dietary glycans and host icrobe effector molecules, thus increasing its potential as a probiotic therapy agent [102]. Furthermore, kefiran administered ad libitum in the drinking water of mice enhanced Bifidobacterium populations though no GS-626510 Inhibitor changes had been observed in Lactobacillus ones, suggesting kefiran as a bifidogenic functional ingredient [157]. ten.6. Other Properties Nematodes have also been utilized as model organisms that were fed kefiran made from rice fermented with L. kefiranofaciens, as well as E. coli OP50 [158]. It was shown that not simply the lifespan of nematodes was extended, but in addition anti-aging and heat strain tolerance effects had been observed. Last but not least, the investigation of biopolymers, specifically kefiran, in order to make three-dimensional porous scaffolds employed for tissue engineering revealed that polymeric kefiran scaffolds, which are characterized by higher porosity structure and controllable morphology, are promising matrices with regards to biomedical applications [106,159]. 11. Use in Dairy Solutions 11.1. Production of Kefir Grains and Beverages Containing L. kefiranofaciens Consumption of kefir has improved worldwide, and by 2023, the market is expected to reach 1.85 billion US [160]. L. kefiranofaciens is undoubtedly amongst one of the most significant species and has therefore been selected for kefir production. The species dominates kefir grains [29,34,35,46,51] and influences grain formation, the development of other microbial species inside the consortium and the organoleptic c.