N calves' behavior through different periods has been summarized in Table eight. Our results demonstrated

N calves’ behavior through different periods has been summarized in Table eight. Our results demonstrated that calves fed H2 spent much less time of standing (p = 0.05) and eating calf starter (p 0.01) in comparison to the CON and H4 groups. In addition, H2 calves devoted much less time than H4 calves (p 0.05) when eating hay. Lying, drinking and walking times had been equivalent between treated groups. Additional time was spent on rumination by hay groups when compared together with the CON group.Agriculture 2021, 11,11 ofHayfed calves spent less time (p 0.01) on abnormal behavior, tended to commit much more time on selfgrooming (p = 0.07) and much less time with their heads outdoors the pen (p 0.01) when compared with CON group.Table eight. Effects of hay supplementation at different ages on behavior in dairy calves (CON: n = 14; H2: n = 14; H4: n = 14). Products Standing (min/d) Lying (min/d) Eating starter (min/d) Consuming Hay (min/d) Drinking (min/d) Walking (min/d) Chewing and Rumination (min/d) Abnormal Behavior 2 (min/d) SelfGrooming three (min/d) Head out of Pen (min/d)a,bTreatment 1 CON 461.0 877.1 123.four a 16.8 20.7 133.3 b 207.0 a 13.8 180.7 aapValue H4 Thiophanate-Methyl Fungal SEMaH2 407.six 929.three 91.six b 94.eight b 15.eight 15.0 275.2 a 80.5 b 14.8 121.4 bbTreat 0.05 0.59 0.01 0.05 0.86 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.07 0.Time 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.37 0.two 0.Tt 0.05 0.05 0.79 0.62 0.69 0.06 0.08 0.01 0.12 0.452.3 910.two 110.1 a one hundred.four a 17.three 15.9 279.1 a 69.6 b 20.five 138.5 b16.56 34.07 six.15 eight.76 two.21 1.98 14.88 eight.99 two.12 7.Signifies inside a row with different superscripts differ. 1 CON = handle (basis diet regime with no hay); H2 = inclusion of oat hay from the week two; H4 = inclusion of oat hay in the week four. 2 Abnormal behaviors mostly for nonnutritive oral behavior. 3 SelfGrooming: calf licked itself with its tongue. The interaction amongst treat and time (T t) or treat and period (T p).4. Discussion 4.1. BW, ADG and Starter Intake Feed digestion and absorption in preweaning dairy calves are usually not incredibly unique from monogastric animals. Calves are primarily dependent on milk or milk replacer through this period. The undeveloped rumen could possibly limit calf starter consumption [4,32], whereas roughages can enhance starter intake [33]. Related to previous studies [16,34], we observed that feeding hay elevated calf starter intake. We argue that this boost may possibly be attributed for the higher ruminal pH observed in calves fed hay. Unfavorable effects of low rumen pH on feed intake happen to be demonstrated in each mature cattle [35,36] and young calves [15,37]. Concomitant with greater starter intake, forage provision improved BW and ADG, specifically when introduced at two weeks of age. Compared with CON calves, higher BW and ADG during week six to week nine in H2 and H4 calves could possibly be attributed to improved starter intake, which is in line with findings reported by preceding studies [6,15,17]. Feeding forage could improve rumen improvement, by increasing the muscularis mucosa [13], weight [15] and volume [9,38] with the rumen, which may possibly have subsequently enhanced the feed intake and BW. Inside the present study, calves with hay inclusion initiated at two weeks of age showed the greatest efficiency, probably as a result of earlier and higher rumen development when compared with those not fed or fed forage from 4 weeks of age. In addition, forage inclusion at two weeks of age could enhance the rumen improvement when compared with not fed or fed forages at six weeks of age [17]. In contrast to the findings of Lin et al. [17] and Hosseini et al. [16], who likewise investig.