Or in reducing the weight gain of all trained groups, suggestingOr in reducing the weight

Or in reducing the weight gain of all trained groups, suggesting
Or in reducing the weight gain of all trained groups, CBIC2MedChemExpress JC-1 suggesting that energy expenditure by exercise was the key factor to maintaining body weight [26]. Serum glucose concentration was significantly decreased when the animals were treated with hesperidin, whether associated with swimming or not, CSH, PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26866270 ISH and CH. Recent reviews have shown that regular exercise, continuous or interval, reduced serum glucose by improving insulin sensitivity [27,28], and high intense aerobic exercise induces an improvement of glucose control and adaptation in skeletal muscle [29]. According to the author, blood glucose was reduced by 13 over the 24-h period following training, and the postprandial glucose spikes were also reduced for several days afterwards. A recent study with rats that underwent interval swimming showed higher production of the glucose transporter GLUT-4, which is a determining factor for the transport and glucose uptake [30]. Moreover, hesperidin supplementation has important hypoglycemic effects by modulation of gene expression of hepatic enzymes such as glucokinase and glucose-6-fosfatase which are involved in the final step of catalyzing the gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, thus playing a role in regulating the homeostatic plasma glucose [31]. Others [32] have shown that isolated hesperidin in rats increased significantly the number of GLUT-2 and GLUT-4 carriers enhancingTable 2 Biochemical biomarkers of rats submitted to continuous or interval swimming with or without supplementGroup name # (n) Glucose, mg/dL Triglycerides, mg/dL Cholesterol, mg/dL LDL-C, mg/dL HDL-C, mg/dL TBARS, M DPPH, reduction#C (10) 93.9 ?4.4a 147 ?15a 140 ?abCH (10) 91.2 ?.5ab 126 ?13.1b 118 ?9.cCS (10) 88.2 ?2.5ab 122 ?17b 120 ?cCSH (10) 85.6 ?3.9bc 125 ?.7b 106 ?7.dIS (10) 81.5 ?6.4c 115 ?19b 146 ?11.1 68.2 ?4.aISH (10) 75.3 ?5.7d 108 ?12b 125 ?0b 32.6 ?10.1b 70.6 ?.9a 1.23 ?0.33a 15.0 ?13.4b64.9 ?15.6a 45.4 ?6.b a31.1 ?14.4b 61.2 ?5.a a31.2 ?17.9b 63.9 ?4.a a11.8 ?.3c 72.0 ?8.a a55.2 ?10.4aa b1.30 ?0.1.08 ?0.1.24 ?0.29 9.9 ?3.9a1.34 ?0.2.23 ?1.25.2 ?4.5b22.4 ?3.3b28.0 ?3.6c16.4 ?1.5bC negative control, CH positive control, CS continuous swimming, CSH continuous swimming + hesperidin, IS interval swimming, ISH interval swimming + hesperidin. Results are expressed as mean ?SD. a, b, c, d Statistical differences among groups, indicated by different letters, were tested by Anova One Way, followed by Tukey test for glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, DPPH, and Student Newman-Keuls for TBARS (P < 0.05).de Oliveira et al. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2013, 10:27 http://www.jissn.com/content/10/1/Page 5 ofcellular signaling glucose and consequently reducing insulin resistance. Increased levels of physical activity stimulate favorable changes on the levels of circulating lipoproteins, lowering the risks of metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemias, metabolic syndrome and diabetes [5-7]. These changes can vary according to the quantity and intensity of the training, which can decrease cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increase HDL-C [33,34], although a significant increase of HDL-C was more common with high-intensity resistance exercise [35]. On the other hand, citrus flavonoids such as hesperidin and naringin, chemically isolated or from citrus fruits and juices, have been associated with lower levels of LDL-C and triglycerides in humans [36] and animals [37,38]. Since the association between exercise training a.