Soc Psychol 14(4):246?57. 33. Fershtman C, Gneezy U (2001) Discrimination in a segmented society

Soc Psychol 14(4):246?57. 33. Fershtman C, Gneezy U (2001) Discrimination in a segmented society: An experimental approach. Q J Econ 116(1):351?77. 34. Buchan NR, et al. (2009) Globalization and human PD173074 site cooperation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(11):4138?142. 35. Wahl LM, Nowak MA (1999) The continuous prisoner’s dilemma: I. Linear reactive strategies. J Theor Biol 200(3):307?21. 36. Fischbacher U, G hter S, Quercia S (2012) The behavioral validity of the strategy method in public good experiments. J Econ Psychol 33(4):897?13. 37. Yamagishi T, et al. (2005) Comparisons of Australians and Japanese on group-based cooperation. Asian J Soc Psychol 8(2):173?90. 38. Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Sci 33(2-3):61?3, discussion 83?35. 39. Falk A, Meier S, Zehnder C (2013) Do lab experiments misrepresent social p
Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentasShinichiro Yabea, Andrei P. Alexenkob, Mitsuyoshi Amitab,c, Ying Yangb, Danny J. Schusta, Yoel Sadovskyd, Toshihiko Ezashib, and R. Michael Robertsb,e,a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; bDivision of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; cDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan; dMagee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and eDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MOContributed by R. Michael Roberts, March 10, 2016 (sent for review February 1, 2016; reviewed by Joanna James and Michael J. Soares)Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) readily commit to the trophoblast lineage after exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and two small compounds, an activin A signaling inhibitor and a FGF2 signaling inhibitor (BMP4/A83-01/PD173074; BAP treatment). During differentiation, areas emerge within the colonies with the biochemical and morphological features of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Relatively pure fractions of mononucleated cytotrophoblast (CTB) and larger syncytial sheets displaying the expected markers of STB can be obtained by differential filtration of dispersed colonies through nylon strainers. RNA-seq analysis of these fractions has allowed them to be compared with cytotrophoblasts isolated from term placentas before and after such cells had formed syncytia. Although it is clear from extensive gene marker analysis that both ESC- and placenta-derived syncytial cells are trophoblast, each with the potential to transport a wide range of solutes and synthesize placental hormones, their transcriptome profiles are sufficiently dissimilar to suggest that the two cell types have distinct pedigrees and represent functionally different kinds of STB. We propose that the STB generated from human ESCs represents the primitive syncytium encountered in early pregnancy soon after the human trophoblast invades into the uterine wall.BMP4 human pluripotent stem cells syncytiotrophoblast|| trophoblast | RNA-seq |Syncytiotrophoblast (STB) is encountered during at least two TAPI-2 biological activity stages of human placental development (1?). The first coincides with early implantation when a multinucleated syncytium forms, presumably by cell fusion events, ahead of proliferating, mononucleated, cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells originating from polar trophectoderm (3, 4). This invasive syncyt.Soc Psychol 14(4):246?57. 33. Fershtman C, Gneezy U (2001) Discrimination in a segmented society: An experimental approach. Q J Econ 116(1):351?77. 34. Buchan NR, et al. (2009) Globalization and human cooperation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106(11):4138?142. 35. Wahl LM, Nowak MA (1999) The continuous prisoner’s dilemma: I. Linear reactive strategies. J Theor Biol 200(3):307?21. 36. Fischbacher U, G hter S, Quercia S (2012) The behavioral validity of the strategy method in public good experiments. J Econ Psychol 33(4):897?13. 37. Yamagishi T, et al. (2005) Comparisons of Australians and Japanese on group-based cooperation. Asian J Soc Psychol 8(2):173?90. 38. Henrich J, Heine SJ, Norenzayan A (2010) The weirdest people in the world? Behav Brain Sci 33(2-3):61?3, discussion 83?35. 39. Falk A, Meier S, Zehnder C (2013) Do lab experiments misrepresent social p
Comparison of syncytiotrophoblast generated from human embryonic stem cells and from term placentasShinichiro Yabea, Andrei P. Alexenkob, Mitsuyoshi Amitab,c, Ying Yangb, Danny J. Schusta, Yoel Sadovskyd, Toshihiko Ezashib, and R. Michael Robertsb,e,a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; bDivision of Animal Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211; cDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan; dMagee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213; and eDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MOContributed by R. Michael Roberts, March 10, 2016 (sent for review February 1, 2016; reviewed by Joanna James and Michael J. Soares)Human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) readily commit to the trophoblast lineage after exposure to bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) and two small compounds, an activin A signaling inhibitor and a FGF2 signaling inhibitor (BMP4/A83-01/PD173074; BAP treatment). During differentiation, areas emerge within the colonies with the biochemical and morphological features of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Relatively pure fractions of mononucleated cytotrophoblast (CTB) and larger syncytial sheets displaying the expected markers of STB can be obtained by differential filtration of dispersed colonies through nylon strainers. RNA-seq analysis of these fractions has allowed them to be compared with cytotrophoblasts isolated from term placentas before and after such cells had formed syncytia. Although it is clear from extensive gene marker analysis that both ESC- and placenta-derived syncytial cells are trophoblast, each with the potential to transport a wide range of solutes and synthesize placental hormones, their transcriptome profiles are sufficiently dissimilar to suggest that the two cell types have distinct pedigrees and represent functionally different kinds of STB. We propose that the STB generated from human ESCs represents the primitive syncytium encountered in early pregnancy soon after the human trophoblast invades into the uterine wall.BMP4 human pluripotent stem cells syncytiotrophoblast|| trophoblast | RNA-seq |Syncytiotrophoblast (STB) is encountered during at least two stages of human placental development (1?). The first coincides with early implantation when a multinucleated syncytium forms, presumably by cell fusion events, ahead of proliferating, mononucleated, cytotrophoblast (CTB) cells originating from polar trophectoderm (3, 4). This invasive syncyt.