Ver, by not including drug selling, focusing on minor to moderate

Ver, by not including drug selling, focusing on minor to moderate theft and violence (taking things worth over 50, RM-493MedChemExpress RM-493 beating up or hurting someone on purpose) along with drug use, analyzing a single time point with a limited age range (tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders), and not considering correlates of delinquency classes in a multivariate framework. Latent class analysis is also not ideal for all tests of specialization, particularly those like ours in which the nature of specialization is of interest–which types of crime are combined or specialized–nor situations with a small number of indicators of occurrence (Sullivan et al., 2009). Other Ro4402257 chemical information studies offer additional insight into overlap between gang membership and specific types of delinquency, but primarily in a descriptive manner and not focused on cooccurrence within the same time period. For instance, Rosenfeld, White, and Esbensen (2012) documented that over two-thirds of gang members in the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) sold drugs and about half engaged in serious theft or serious violence at some point during adolescence. White, Loeber, and Farrington’s (2008) analyses of the developmental sequence in onset for PYS youth who engaged in pairs of problem behaviors suggest at least some same-time co-occurrence; in more cases than not, the authors found that the onset of gang membership occurred within one year of the onset of drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence. Neither of these prior analyses specifically identified the patterns of serious delinquency engaged in by gang members within the same time period, however, nor correlates of co-occurrence. Still other prior studies are variable-centered, looking at how gang membership correlates with delinquency. These studies have demonstrated an elevation in many types of delinquency when youth were active in gangs, but did not address whether all youth engaged in all acts or some specialized in certain types and others in other types. For example, in prior analyses of the PYS, Gordon and colleagues (2004) found that gang members’ delinquency was significantly higher in periods of active gang membership than before; this was true across delinquency types, including drug sales, violent delinquency, and propertyNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptJ Res Adolesc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 June 01.Gordon et al.Pagedelinquency. In the Rochester Youth Development Study, Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, Smith, and Tobin (2003) similarly demonstrated that gang members reported significantly higher delinquency during than before gang membership. An analysis of variance of the Seattle Social Development Project data found that gang membership was associated with violent delinquency and drug selling but not non-violent delinquency (Battin, Hill, Abbott, Catalano, Hawkins, 1998). More recently, using a novel item response theory approach, Melde and Esbensen (2013) examined whether gang youth specialized in violence with data from the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training Program. Their results suggested an effect of gang membership on increased delinquency and an additional effect on increased violence, above and beyond this general effect. However, none of these studies examined the extent to which gang-involved youth engage in a wide variety of delinquents acts while active in the gang versus engaging in more specialized types of offending behavior (e.g.Ver, by not including drug selling, focusing on minor to moderate theft and violence (taking things worth over 50, beating up or hurting someone on purpose) along with drug use, analyzing a single time point with a limited age range (tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders), and not considering correlates of delinquency classes in a multivariate framework. Latent class analysis is also not ideal for all tests of specialization, particularly those like ours in which the nature of specialization is of interest–which types of crime are combined or specialized–nor situations with a small number of indicators of occurrence (Sullivan et al., 2009). Other studies offer additional insight into overlap between gang membership and specific types of delinquency, but primarily in a descriptive manner and not focused on cooccurrence within the same time period. For instance, Rosenfeld, White, and Esbensen (2012) documented that over two-thirds of gang members in the Pittsburgh Youth Study (PYS) sold drugs and about half engaged in serious theft or serious violence at some point during adolescence. White, Loeber, and Farrington’s (2008) analyses of the developmental sequence in onset for PYS youth who engaged in pairs of problem behaviors suggest at least some same-time co-occurrence; in more cases than not, the authors found that the onset of gang membership occurred within one year of the onset of drug selling, serious theft, and serious violence. Neither of these prior analyses specifically identified the patterns of serious delinquency engaged in by gang members within the same time period, however, nor correlates of co-occurrence. Still other prior studies are variable-centered, looking at how gang membership correlates with delinquency. These studies have demonstrated an elevation in many types of delinquency when youth were active in gangs, but did not address whether all youth engaged in all acts or some specialized in certain types and others in other types. For example, in prior analyses of the PYS, Gordon and colleagues (2004) found that gang members’ delinquency was significantly higher in periods of active gang membership than before; this was true across delinquency types, including drug sales, violent delinquency, and propertyNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptJ Res Adolesc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 June 01.Gordon et al.Pagedelinquency. In the Rochester Youth Development Study, Thornberry, Krohn, Lizotte, Smith, and Tobin (2003) similarly demonstrated that gang members reported significantly higher delinquency during than before gang membership. An analysis of variance of the Seattle Social Development Project data found that gang membership was associated with violent delinquency and drug selling but not non-violent delinquency (Battin, Hill, Abbott, Catalano, Hawkins, 1998). More recently, using a novel item response theory approach, Melde and Esbensen (2013) examined whether gang youth specialized in violence with data from the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training Program. Their results suggested an effect of gang membership on increased delinquency and an additional effect on increased violence, above and beyond this general effect. However, none of these studies examined the extent to which gang-involved youth engage in a wide variety of delinquents acts while active in the gang versus engaging in more specialized types of offending behavior (e.g.