Tide pyrophosphorylase 36/6.49 [carboxylating] Arsenite methyltransferase 43/5.Experimental molecular weight (kDa)/pI of

Tide pyrophosphorylase 36/6.49 [carboxylating] Arsenite methyltransferase 43/5.Experimental molecular weight (kDa)/pI of MedChemExpress Potassium clavulanate PTH 1-34 site protein spot in the gel (Mean of min. and max.) based on the coordinates of landmark proteins. Theoretical molecular weight (kDa)/pI of theoretical protein. cNumber of peptides identified and score. dIdentification is based on protein ID from IPI (international protein index) protein database (http://www.uniprot.org/). eCategory of protein based on its primary biological function according to Rison (2000) [18]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053261.tthase (HMGCS2), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase), and fatty acid [short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD)] metabolism. CSE is an enzyme that breaks down cystathione into cysteine and a-ketobutyrate and catalyses elimination of L-homoserine, L-cystine and L-cysteine producing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [19,20]. Considering that the urine is the main excretion route for ingested F [1], the presence of CSE in A/J mice might contribute to increase the urinary pH, which can help to explain the higher urinary F excretion observed for 25331948 this strain, when compared with the 129P3/J mice [10]. The pH-dependency found for urinary F excretion is due to the fact that F can cross cell membranes in general, including the walls of the renal tubules in the form of HF. Thus, the higher the urinary pH, the higher the concentration of F2 that remains in the tubule to be excreted in urine [12]. Recently, it was shown that the expression of HMGCS2 was increased fourfold in diabetic kidneys, which leads to increased renal ketogenesis and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes [21]. In our data, the presence of HMGCS2 in kidney of A/J mice might turn these animals more prone to nephropathy, which could impair F reabsorption in kidneys [10]. Besides presenting unique proteins involved in metabolism, A/J mice also expresses exclusive proteins involved in cell processes (phenazine biosynthesis-like domain containing protein 2 (PBLD), biliverdin reductase A (BVR) and sorting nexin-5) and information pathways [serum amyloid P-component (SAP)]. Among these,SAP constitutes amyloid deposits characterized by the ordered aggregation of normal globular proteins and peptides into insoluble fibrils, which disrupt tissue architecture and are associated with cell death [22]. The presence of SAP only in A/ J mice might increase the probability of kidney damage that could account for their diminished capacity to reabsorb various solutes including F, helping to explain the higher urinary F excretion seen in this strain previously [10]. From those proteins found exclusively in kidneys of 129P3/J mice, the peroxisomal acyl-coenzymeA oxidase 1 (AOX), a fatty acid metabolic protein, is shown to be expressed in proximal tubules and enhancement of its activity is associated with the preservation of kidney function during ischemia [23]. Another exclusive protein called arsenite-methyltransferase, presented only in 129P3/J mice, is a detoxifying protein involved in the arsenic biotransformation and elimination in proximal tubule epithelial cells [24]. The presence of these proteins in 129P3/J but not in A/ J mice suggest that the former might have a higher capacity to reduce renal damage caused by different hostile conditions, such as exposure to F. Thus, the 129P3/J mice would be able to maintain F reabsorption in kidney.Tide pyrophosphorylase 36/6.49 [carboxylating] Arsenite methyltransferase 43/5.Experimental molecular weight (kDa)/pI of protein spot in the gel (Mean of min. and max.) based on the coordinates of landmark proteins. Theoretical molecular weight (kDa)/pI of theoretical protein. cNumber of peptides identified and score. dIdentification is based on protein ID from IPI (international protein index) protein database (http://www.uniprot.org/). eCategory of protein based on its primary biological function according to Rison (2000) [18]. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053261.tthase (HMGCS2), cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE), thiomorpholine-carboxylate dehydrogenase), and fatty acid [short-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCAD)] metabolism. CSE is an enzyme that breaks down cystathione into cysteine and a-ketobutyrate and catalyses elimination of L-homoserine, L-cystine and L-cysteine producing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) [19,20]. Considering that the urine is the main excretion route for ingested F [1], the presence of CSE in A/J mice might contribute to increase the urinary pH, which can help to explain the higher urinary F excretion observed for 25331948 this strain, when compared with the 129P3/J mice [10]. The pH-dependency found for urinary F excretion is due to the fact that F can cross cell membranes in general, including the walls of the renal tubules in the form of HF. Thus, the higher the urinary pH, the higher the concentration of F2 that remains in the tubule to be excreted in urine [12]. Recently, it was shown that the expression of HMGCS2 was increased fourfold in diabetic kidneys, which leads to increased renal ketogenesis and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes [21]. In our data, the presence of HMGCS2 in kidney of A/J mice might turn these animals more prone to nephropathy, which could impair F reabsorption in kidneys [10]. Besides presenting unique proteins involved in metabolism, A/J mice also expresses exclusive proteins involved in cell processes (phenazine biosynthesis-like domain containing protein 2 (PBLD), biliverdin reductase A (BVR) and sorting nexin-5) and information pathways [serum amyloid P-component (SAP)]. Among these,SAP constitutes amyloid deposits characterized by the ordered aggregation of normal globular proteins and peptides into insoluble fibrils, which disrupt tissue architecture and are associated with cell death [22]. The presence of SAP only in A/ J mice might increase the probability of kidney damage that could account for their diminished capacity to reabsorb various solutes including F, helping to explain the higher urinary F excretion seen in this strain previously [10]. From those proteins found exclusively in kidneys of 129P3/J mice, the peroxisomal acyl-coenzymeA oxidase 1 (AOX), a fatty acid metabolic protein, is shown to be expressed in proximal tubules and enhancement of its activity is associated with the preservation of kidney function during ischemia [23]. Another exclusive protein called arsenite-methyltransferase, presented only in 129P3/J mice, is a detoxifying protein involved in the arsenic biotransformation and elimination in proximal tubule epithelial cells [24]. The presence of these proteins in 129P3/J but not in A/ J mice suggest that the former might have a higher capacity to reduce renal damage caused by different hostile conditions, such as exposure to F. Thus, the 129P3/J mice would be able to maintain F reabsorption in kidney.