E increased levels of the CCL2 in the lung tissue of

E increased levels of the CCL2 in the lung tissue of the acute pancreatitis groups and the immunohistochemistry data for F4/80 antigen, the macrophage populations in the lungs were further analyzed by adding another cell marker (CD68). The data showed an enhanced Castanospermine chemical information population of macrophages that expressed CD68 and not F4/80. An increased expression of CD68 has previously been associated with macrophage LED-209 activation [23]. Another possible explanation is the recruitment of these cells from the blood stream. The increase in the CD68+CCR2+ population in the acute pancreatitis group at 24 hours favors the recruitment of these cells via CCL2/CCR2 axis into the lungs. Although CD68 is routinely used as a histological marker of macrophage lineage cells, its specific function(s) in these cells remain undefined. CD68+ macrophages generated vasodilatory, angiogenic and proliferative growth factors in the hepatopulmonary syndrome in rats. They were recruited by the increased level of CCL2 to the lungs and their depletion prevented and reversed the pathological findings [24].Cytokines and microbial products have profound effects on the mononuclear phagocytes and prime them towards their specialized polarization [25]. Macrophages activated through the alternative pathway express a repertoire of proteins involved in repair and healing, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis [26]. Upregulation of expression of CD206 (macrophage mannose receptor) distinguishes the alternative activation from the classical activation of macrophages. The increase in the CD206+ cells in the ligated group starting at 9 hours can be the result of different scenarios. This can be caused by an increase in CCL2 levels in lung tissue. CCL2 induces M2-type macrophage polarization in human peripheral blood by a significant increase in the mannose receptor (CD206) [27]. It has also previously been shown that CCL2 changes the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages in murine lungs towards a M2 phenotype [28]. Recruitment of CD68+ CD206+ cells into lung tissue can be the other explanation. Enrichment of alternatively activated macrophages occurs not only through coaxing their precursors from the bloodstream, but also by local proliferation of macrophages [29].The ratio of M1/M2 polarization changed at 24 hours towards a M1 phenotype by the increase in CD68+CCR2+ macrophages in the ligated group. An ideal model for studying acute pancreatitis and its potentially associated multiple organ failure should resemble the human disease course, and it should be easily reproducible, have sufficient severity and still allow a time window long enough for potential intervention. Many of the available models are not fulfilling all these criteria. For this reason, different approaches with the ductal ligation model have been described in various animals [30]. The model we used in this study mimics acute biliary pancreatitis and avoids artificial drug usage, which may produce unwanted effects. The profound inflammatory response in the lungs makes this model relevant for study of the acute lung injury seen associated with acute pancreatitis. Other experimental models of acute pancreatitis are either not severe enough to induce lung injury, or do not resemble the course in the human clinical setting.Figure 7. Phenotype profile CD68+ F4/802 cells in the lungs following pancreatitis. Flow cytometry analysis of CCR2, CD11c (M1) and CD206 (M2) activation markers of lung macrophages gated for FSC/SSC (R1) and CD68+F4/802. Si.E increased levels of the CCL2 in the lung tissue of the acute pancreatitis groups and the immunohistochemistry data for F4/80 antigen, the macrophage populations in the lungs were further analyzed by adding another cell marker (CD68). The data showed an enhanced population of macrophages that expressed CD68 and not F4/80. An increased expression of CD68 has previously been associated with macrophage activation [23]. Another possible explanation is the recruitment of these cells from the blood stream. The increase in the CD68+CCR2+ population in the acute pancreatitis group at 24 hours favors the recruitment of these cells via CCL2/CCR2 axis into the lungs. Although CD68 is routinely used as a histological marker of macrophage lineage cells, its specific function(s) in these cells remain undefined. CD68+ macrophages generated vasodilatory, angiogenic and proliferative growth factors in the hepatopulmonary syndrome in rats. They were recruited by the increased level of CCL2 to the lungs and their depletion prevented and reversed the pathological findings [24].Cytokines and microbial products have profound effects on the mononuclear phagocytes and prime them towards their specialized polarization [25]. Macrophages activated through the alternative pathway express a repertoire of proteins involved in repair and healing, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis [26]. Upregulation of expression of CD206 (macrophage mannose receptor) distinguishes the alternative activation from the classical activation of macrophages. The increase in the CD206+ cells in the ligated group starting at 9 hours can be the result of different scenarios. This can be caused by an increase in CCL2 levels in lung tissue. CCL2 induces M2-type macrophage polarization in human peripheral blood by a significant increase in the mannose receptor (CD206) [27]. It has also previously been shown that CCL2 changes the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages in murine lungs towards a M2 phenotype [28]. Recruitment of CD68+ CD206+ cells into lung tissue can be the other explanation. Enrichment of alternatively activated macrophages occurs not only through coaxing their precursors from the bloodstream, but also by local proliferation of macrophages [29].The ratio of M1/M2 polarization changed at 24 hours towards a M1 phenotype by the increase in CD68+CCR2+ macrophages in the ligated group. An ideal model for studying acute pancreatitis and its potentially associated multiple organ failure should resemble the human disease course, and it should be easily reproducible, have sufficient severity and still allow a time window long enough for potential intervention. Many of the available models are not fulfilling all these criteria. For this reason, different approaches with the ductal ligation model have been described in various animals [30]. The model we used in this study mimics acute biliary pancreatitis and avoids artificial drug usage, which may produce unwanted effects. The profound inflammatory response in the lungs makes this model relevant for study of the acute lung injury seen associated with acute pancreatitis. Other experimental models of acute pancreatitis are either not severe enough to induce lung injury, or do not resemble the course in the human clinical setting.Figure 7. Phenotype profile CD68+ F4/802 cells in the lungs following pancreatitis. Flow cytometry analysis of CCR2, CD11c (M1) and CD206 (M2) activation markers of lung macrophages gated for FSC/SSC (R1) and CD68+F4/802. Si.